ch03 彼得前書 第02章
CHAPTER II.
V. 1-5. Wherefore lay aside all malice, and all guile, and hypocrisies, and hatred, and all evil speakings, and desire the sincere milk of the word, as new-born babes, that ye may grow thereby, if ye have besides tasted that the Lord is gracious, to whom ye are come as to a living stone, which indeed is rejected by men, but before God is elect and precious. And be ye also as living stones built up into a spiritual house, and a holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God by Jesus Christ.
Here he begins to show what the characteristic and fruit of a christian life should be. For we have said often enough that a christian life consists in two things,—faith toward God and love toward our neighbor. Besides, although christian faith has been given us, yet as long as we live many evil lusts remain in the flesh, since every saint must be in the flesh, but what is in the flesh cannot be entirely pure. Therefore St. Peter says, be ye armed, that ye may guard yourselves against the sins which still cleave to you, and strive continually against them. For the worst enemies that we have hide themselves in our bosoms, and in our very flesh and blood, wake, sleep, and live with us, like a wicked spirit which we have brought home with us and cannot send off. Wherefore, since through faith Jesus Christ is entirely yours, and ye have obtained salvation and all His blessings, let it be your aim henceforth to lay aside all wickedness, or all that is evil, and all guile, so that no one act toward another deceitfully or falsely; as with the world it has become a common expression to say, the world is full of falsehood, which is indeed so. But we Christians should not act with such deceit, but uprightly and with pure hearts, toward men as toward God, fairly and justly, so that none take the advantage of another in sale, purchase or promise, and the like.
Likewise also St. Paul says to the Ephesians, ch. iv., "Lay aside lying, and speak truth every one with his neighbor." Truth is, that yea be yea, and nay, nay,—but hypocrisy, when any one represents himself by his outward mien as being what he is not in his thoughts. For solemn is the obligation that we should show ourselves to be what we are at heart. A Christian should so act that he could permit all men to see and know what he thinks in his heart. Let him, then, in all his walk and conduct, be anxious only to praise God, and serve his neighbor, and be afraid of no one; and let every one be in heart what he is in appearance, and not act a feigned part, whereby he shall make others gape with wonder.
Furthermore, St. Peter says that we should lay aside hatred and evil speaking. Here he fitly takes up the common vices among men, in their intercourse with one another. This evil speaking is exceedingly common and injurious,—is soon done, insomuch that none of us is aware of it. Therefore he says, be on your guard, if ye already have a christian spirit, that ye may know what are the fruits of this spirit.
V. 2. And desire the sincere milk of the word, as new-born babes. Here he institutes a comparison, and would say,—ye are like those new-born babes who seek nothing but the milk: like them, striving for the breasts and milk, so be ye also eager for the word; endeavor for it, have an appetite for it, that ye may suck in the intelligible, sincere milk.
These words are, indeed, figurative; for he did not mean literal milk, or literal sucking, as he does not speak of a literal birth. But he speaks of another milk which belongs to the mind, which is spiritual, which is procured by the soul, which the heart must draw in. It must be, moreover, sincere (or unfalsified), not as the custom is, to sell false wares; since there is truly strong obligation, and great necessity, that to the new-born and young Christian, the milk should be given pure, and not corrupted. But this milk is nothing but the Gospel, which is also the same with seed, whereby we are conceived and born, as we have heard above. Yet it is also the food which nourishes us when we arrive at maturity; it is also the harness wherewith we equip and clothe ourselves,—yea, it is all these in common. But whatever is appended to it is human doctrine, whereby the word of God is falsified; therefore the Holy Spirit would have it so that every Christian shall see to it, what he sucks for milk, and shall himself learn to decide in regard to all doctrines.
But the breasts which yield this milk, and which the babes suck, are the preachers in the christian Church. As the bridegroom says to the bride, in Cant. iii., "Thou hast two breasts like two young roes; they are as though they were hung with a bundle of myrrh;" as the bride says, Cant. i., "My beloved is like a bundle of myrrh that lies continually between my breasts." That is, we should ever preach Christ. The bridegroom must resort to the breasts; so that it is unjust, and the milk will be corrupt, if we do not preach Christ alone.
There is this, besides: when it is preached that Christ died for us, and rescued us from sin, death, and hell,—this is delightful and sweet, like milk; but after this, the cross also must be preached, that we are to suffer, as we have done; and this is a strong draught, it is strong wine. Therefore, Christians should have at first given them the weakest drink,—that is, milk. For it cannot be preached in its simplicity, except Christ be preached first of all; which is not bitter, but is mere sweet, rich grace, from which you receive yet no smart. This is the sincere milk of the word.
But here St. Peter has supported himself by Scripture, as he is throughout rich from the Scriptures. In the Old Testament it is written, both in Exodus xxiii., and Deuteronomy xiv., "Thou shalt not seethe the kid in its mother's milk." For what reason did God permit that to be written? Of what concern to Him was it that no suckling should be killed while as yet it sucks milk? Because He would thereby give us to understand that which St. Peter here teaches; and it is as much as if he had said, preach gently to the young and weak Christians; let them be carefully fed, and thrive in the knowledge of Christ; burden them not with strong doctrine, for they are as yet too young, but after they have become strong, let them then be slaughtered and sacrificed on the cross.
So, also, we read in Deut. xxiv., "If any one have recently taken a wife, then he need not go out to war for the first year, lest he should be slain,—but abide at home cheerfully with his wife." All goes to this point, that we should bear for a time with them that are young Christians, and proceed tenderly with them. But when they have grown, God brings them to the holy cross, lets them even die like other Christians, so that then the kid is slain.—Now follows further:
V. 2, 3. That ye may grow thereby, if ye have besides tasted that the Lord is gracious. It is not enough that we should hear the Gospel once; we must ever be anxious for it, that we may grow. After faith has become strong, we may provide and eat each kind of food. But to those who have not heard the Gospel, this is not said; they know neither what is milk or what is wine. Therefore he adds, if ye have besides tasted that the Lord is gracious; as though he had said, whoever has not tasted it, to him it is not a thing of the heart, to him it is not sweet; but they who have tried it, who grow by the food and by the word, to them it tastes pleasant and is sweet.
But it is said to be tasted, when I believe with my heart that Christ has given Himself for me, and has become my own, and my sin and misery are His, and His life also is mine. When this reaches my heart, then it tastes; for how can I but receive joy and gladness therefrom? I am heartily glad, as though some good friend should bestow on me a hundred florins. But as to him whose heart it does not reach, he cannot rejoice himself therewith. But they taste it best who lie in the straits of death, or whom an evil conscience oppresses; for in that case hunger is a good cook, as we say, that makes the food have a good relish. For the heart and conscience can hear nothing more soothing, when they feel their misery; after this they are anxious, they smell the provision afar off and cannot be satisfied. So also speaks Mary, in the Magnificat: "The hungry also has he filled with good things." But that hardened class who live in their own holiness, build on their own works, and feel not their sin and misery, they taste this not. Whoever sits at table and is hungry, he relishes all, readily; but to him who is previously full, nothing relishes, but he can only murmur at the most excellent food. Therefore the Apostle says, if ye have besides tasted that the Lord is gracious. But it is as though he had said, If ye have not tasted it, then I preach to you in vain.—He further says:
V. 4. To whom ye art come as to a living stone. Here he falls back again upon the Scripture, and quotes the prophet Isaiah, chap. xxviii., where he also says: "Hear now what God says to you, scorners: ye say, we have made a league with death and with hell, and have made lies our trust. Therefore thus saith the Lord, I lay in the foundation of Zion an elect, precious corner stone, a sure foundation," etc.
This passage Paul has also quoted, and it is an important passage of Scripture, for Christ is the precious head-stone which God has laid, on which we must be built.
And observe how St. Peter quotes the expression, and shows the stone to signify Christ. Just as Isaiah had spoken of setting confidence upon Him, St. Peter likewise says, it is as much as trusting in Him; thus is Scripture truly explained. The builders lay the foundation stone where it may stand sure and firm, that it may bear up the whole building. So Christ, the living stone, bears up the whole building; and it is called the building, in order that we, bound one to another, may set our confidence and security on Him.
V. 4. Which indeed is rejected of men, but before God is elect and precious. Here he brings forward a passage of the prophet David, in Ps. cxvii.: "The stone which the builders rejected has become the corner stone, and it is wonderful in our eyes." Which passage Christ also refers to in Mat. xxi. So Peter, in Acts iv., where he says: "This is the stone which ye builders rejected." Ye are builders, he says: for they taught the people, went about with great speeches, laid down many laws, but made mere work-saints and hypocrites. Then Christ comes and tells them, ye are hypocrites and broods of vipers; pronounces upon them many terrible judgments; judges them as sinners, and not as great saints, so that they could not endure it; they even reject Him—say to Him, "You are a heretic; do you caution that a man should not do good works? Ay! you must die." Therefore Peter says, here, this is the corner stone which indeed was rejected of men, whereon ye must be built by faith. This is now wonderful in our eyes, as the prophet says; it seems strange to us, and where the Spirit does not teach it, it is utterly incomprehensible. Therefore he says, in God's eyes the stone is elect, and an extremely precious stone; it is of great importance also that it takes away death, satisfies for sin, and rescues from hell, besides that it freely bestows heaven.
V. 5. And be ye also as living stones, built up into a spiritual house. How can we build ourselves up? By the Gospel and that which is preached. The builders are the preachers; the Christians who hear the Gospel are they who are built, and the stones which are to be fitted on this corner stone; so that we are to repose our confidence on Him, and let our hearts stand and rest upon Him. I must therefore take heed to myself that I have the form which this stone has, for if I am laid upon Him by faith, then I must also bear such marks and fashioning as He had, and every one else with me. It is the fruit of faith and a mark of love, that we all be fitted one to another, and all thus become one building. To the same end, also, St. Paul speaks on this subject, although in a different manner, I. Cor. iii.: "Ye are the temple of God." The house of stone or wood is not His house: He will have a spiritual house,—that is, the christian congregation, wherein we are all alike, in one faith, one like the other, and all laid and fitted one to the other, and locked into one another by love, without any wickedness, deceit, hypocrisy, hatred and slanders, as He has said.
And a holy priesthood. There he casts down the outward and bodily priesthood, which had existed before under the old dispensation, as also the outward Church, which he takes entirely away, as though he had said, "That outward institution with the priesthood has all ceased, wherefore another priesthood now begins, and another sacrifice is offered, even one that is entirely spiritual." We have had much disputing on this point, maintaining that those who are now called the clergy are not priests in the sight of God; and this is confirmed out of this passage of St. Peter. Therefore apprehend it well, and if one should meet you with the objection, and attempt to show, as some have done, that He speaks of a twofold priesthood,—of outward and spiritual priests,—then bid him lay aside his vain speeches that he may see clearly, and take nieswort* that he may clear his brains. St. Peter says, also, Ye are to build yourselves up into a spiritual or holy priesthood. Ask now those priests whether they are holy: their life clearly shows, as we see, that this wretched set is plunged into avarice, fornication, and all manner of vice. Whoever has this priesthood must certainly be holy. Whoever is not holy, he does not possess it. Therefore St. Peter speaks here only of one kind of priesthood.
We ask further, whether he makes a distinction between spiritual and worldly, since the clergy are now called spiritual, and other Christians worldly?
Yet they must confess, no thanks to them, that St. Peter here speaks to all those that are Christians, even to those who lay aside all wickedness, deceit, hypocrisy and malice, etc., and are like new-born children, and drink the pure milk: so that their lie must bite itself in their mouth, since it stands forth a thing not to be gainsaid, that St. Peter speaks to all that are Christians; whence it is clear that they lie, and that St. Peter says nothing of their priesthood, which they have fancied and arrogate to themselves alone; wherefore our bishops are nothing but Nicholas-bishops, and as is their priesthood so are also their laws, sacrifices and works. It might be an excellent play to act out in the deep night, except that under the mask the divine name is reviled.
Therefore those alone are the holy and spiritual priesthood, who are true Christians and built upon this stone.
For since Christ is the bridegroom, and we all of us are the bride, so then the bride has all which the bridegroom has, even His own body; for if He gives Himself to the bride, He gives Himself for what He is, and on the other hand the bride gives herself to Him. Now Christ has been anointed the high and most exalted priest by God Himself; has also sacrificed His own body for us, which is the office of the high priest; besides, He prayed on the cross for us. Again, He has also preached the Gospel, and taught all men to know God and Himself.
These three offices has He also given to all of us: therefore, since He is a priest and we are his brethren, so all Christians have it in their power and charge, and an obligation rests upon them, to preach and to come before God, and that one should entreat for another and offer himself up to God; and provided that any one begin to preach the word of God or address it to others, he is then a priest.
To offer up spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. As to spiritual offerings, it is not necessary that we should present them to the Pope; neither is sacrifice such as it was in the Old Testament, when men were required to sacrifice the tenth of all they had. Such outward sacrifices and priesthood have all now ceased, and all has become new and spiritual. The priest is Christ; and we all, since He has sacrificed His own body, must offer up ourselves. Here is now fulfilled all that was typified by outward sacrifices in the Old Testament, since they have all passed away, and all of them may be said compendiously to preach the Gospel. Whoever preaches this exercises and carries out all that former—strikes the calf dead,—that is, kills the carnal mind and the old Adam. For this stubborn nature in flesh and blood must be slain by the Gospel; thus do we permit ourselves to be offered upon the cross and to die. Herein is exercised the true priest's office, in that we sacrifice to God that wicked rogue, the corrupt old dolt (of our nature); if the world does it not, we must do it ourselves; but it must in the end be all removed, whatever we have of the old Adam, as we heard above in the first chapter. This is the only sacrifice that pleases and is acceptable to God. From this you may perceive whereto our foolish and blind leaders have brought us, and how this text has been kept under the bench. Now you may say, If that is true, that we are all priests and ought to preach, what sort of an institution is there? must there then be no distinction among the people, and are the women, also, to be priests? Answer. In the Old Testament it is permitted to no priest to wear the tonsure. Not that it is wrong in itself; a person might very well suffer himself to be shorn if he chose, but it is reason that none make a distinction between himself and common Christians,—a thing which faith will not permit. So that they who are now called priests are all laymen like the others, and only some, for the office' sake, are selected out of the Church to preach. Thus there is only an outward distinction for the office' sake, inasmuch as one is called of the Church; but before God there is no difference, and some individuals are selected from the multitude, in order that they may bear and exercise the office which they all have; not that one is more elect than another. Therefore, no one should rise up of himself and preach in the Church, but one is to be selected and instituted out of the congregation, who may be removed when it is desirable.
Yet have these men assumed a position of their own; as though directed by God, they have arrogated to themselves such license, that almost in the heart of christendom there is a greater distinction than that which exists between us and the Turks. When you look upon Christians you must observe no distinction, and you are not to say, this is a man or a woman, a servant or a master, old or young; as Paul tells us, Gal. iii.: They are all one and a purely spiritual people. So that all alike are priests, all alike may proclaim God's word, except that a woman is not to speak in the Church; but let the men preach, because of the command that they are to be subject to their husbands—as St. Paul teaches us, I. Cor. xiv.: Such order God permits to remain, but makes no distinction of the election. But where there are no men, but women only, as in the Nun's Cloisters, there a woman may be selected to preach.
This is now the true priesthood, which consists in those three points as we have heard,—namely, that we sacrifice spiritually; that we pray for the Church; that we preach. Whoever will do this, he is a priest, as all are bound to be, inasmuch as they should preach the word, pray for the Church, and offer themselves up before God. Let those fools then go who call the institution of the priests spiritual, who yet bear no other office but just to wear the tonsure and to be anointed. If the being shorn and anointed makes a priest, then might I easily shear an ass and anoint him, so that he should be a priest also.
Finally, St. Peter says, that we are to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God through Jesus Christ. Since Christ is the corner stone whereon we are laid, it must be only through him that we are to treat with God, as we have heard sufficiently above; for God does not look upon my cross even though I torture myself to death, but he looks upon Christ through whom my works are acceptable before God, which otherwise would not be worth an alms of a straw's value. Therefore Scripture calls Christ properly a precious corner stone which imparts its virtue to all who through faith are built upon it. So, also, St. Peter teaches us in this passage how Christ is the living stone—what Christ is; and the figure is a fine one, since it is easy to understand by it how we are to believe on Christ.—It follows, now, further:
V. 6-10. Therefore it is contained in Scripture, Behold I lay in Zion an elect precious corner stone, and whoever believeth on Him shall not be put to shame. To you therefore who believe, He is precious, but to the unbelieving, the stone which the builders rejected is made a corner stone, and a stone of stumbling and a rock of offence, even to those that stumble at the word and believe not thereon, whereunto they were appointed. But ye are the chosen generation, the royal priesthood, the holy nation, the peculiar people, that ye should show forth the praise of him who has called you out of darkness into his wonderful light: who once were not a people, but are now the people of God, to whom God did not show mercy, but (now have obtained mercy) to whom He is now merciful.
I have before said, that St. Peter has enriched and fortified his Epistle well with Scripture, just as all preachers should do, in order that their foundation may rest entirely on the word of God. Here also he introduces four or five texts, one upon another. The first he has taken from the prophet Isaiah, word for word, that Christ is a precious corner stone or foundation, and is the very passage which we have just treated of and somewhat explained. It is truly an eminent proof text of the doctrine of faith, which is to be laid down as a foundation when we are to preach in a place where Christ has not been preached before. For it must be confessed that Christ is the stone on which faith should be built and should stand.
But that the prophet does not speak in this place of a material stone is evident from this, that it afterward follows, "whoever believes on Him shall not be made ashamed." If I am to believe on Him, it must be a stone in a spiritual sense. For how am I to believe on stone and wood? Besides, He must be truly God, since, in the first commandment, God has forbidden that we should believe on anything else, but on Him only. Since then this stone is laid as a foundation on which we are to trust, it must be God Himself. On the other hand, He cannot be God alone, but must also therewith be like man, because He must be a part of the building, and not merely a part, but the head. If a man then erects a building, one stone must be like the other, that each have the complexion, nature, and form of the other: therefore, since we are built on Christ, he also must be like us, and of the same nature with the other stones that rest upon Him, even a real humanity as we all have. Thus does the Scripture, by simple and few words, express so great a matter, even the entire summa of our faith, and in such brief words comprises more than any man can express.
Now what this that builds us up is, I have already said—namely, faith, whereby we are laid on Christ, and repose our trust upon this stone, and thus become like Him; and then this also must follow, that the building must be fitted one part to the other, for the other stones must all be laid and placed upon this stone. That is, of course, that love is a fruit of faith.
But why does the prophet call Him a foundation stone? For this reason: that no man can build a house except he lay one stone first as a foundation, for the other stones in the building cannot stand except on the foundation stone.
So we must all of us rest on Christ, and confess Him for a foundation stone. Therefore we are not to pride ourselves that the stone must receive something from us, but we must receive blessing from it alone; for we do not bear it up, but it bears us up, and upon Him lies sin, death, hell, and all that we have to bear. So that all this—and whatever jars against us—cannot injure us if we have been placed on this foundation.
For if we remain resting on him, and leave ourselves upon Him, we must then remain where He is; just as natural stones must be left on their foundation stone.
Besides, the prophet calls Him a corner stone. The Holy Spirit has a way of His own of saying much in few words. Christ is a corner stone because he has brought Gentiles and Jews together who were at dead enmity one with another, and thus the Christian Church has been gathered of both classes, whereof the Apostle Paul writes largely. The Jews gloried in the law of God, and that they were God's people, and so despised the heathen. But now Christ has come, has taken away their boasting from the Jews, and called us who were Gentiles; and thus he has made us both one, by one faith, and He has so dealt with us that we both must confess that we have nothing of ourselves, but are all sinners, and only must expect righteousness and heaven from Him, and that we Gentiles may as justly claim that Christ has come to help us, as the Jews; wherefore He is the corner stone that joins both together in one, so that it becomes one building and one house.
This, now, is the conclusion to which the prophet comes: Whoever believes on Him shall not be put to shame. When the Holy Spirit says, that they shall not be ashamed who believe on Christ, he gives us to understand what he has in view,—to wit, that he has already published and confirmed the sentence, that the whole world must be confounded and put to shame. Yet he would draw forth some out of the multitude, so that no one may escape the shame but he who believes on Christ. So Christ explains Himself in the last of Mark: "Whoever believes and is baptised shall be saved; but he who believes not shall be damned;" in which words, moreover, He accords with the prophets. So that Peter said well in the first chapter, that the prophets sought out the time, and diligently inquired after the salvation and concerning the future grace that was previously promised. So now Christ is to be preached, that He it is who has rescued us from this shame into which we were all plunged.
Now let any one come forward who chooses, and exalt free-will, and defend human ability. Though you should commingle together all human works and doctrines, and whatever springs from man, you have enough in this single passage to overthrow it all, so that it must all fall like dry leaves from the tree.
因為凡不立於這磐石上的,都已失喪。祂不容許你靠行為獲得任何東西。聖靈和神聖的威嚴以如此簡樸的方式說話,祂不輕視任何人,卻又以如此權柄克服萬物。那麼,誰能與祂對抗,誰又不會被祂嚇倒呢?因此,上帝要我們完全絕望於自己,只將祂所擁有的福分歸於自己,並建立在任何受造物都無法推翻的基礎上;這樣,沒有人會信賴自己的義,而是信賴基督的義,以及基督所擁有的一切。但信賴祂的義是什麼意思呢?無非是我應當對自己絕望,並心想——我的義、我的真理,以及建立在其上的一切,都必毀滅;而祂的義、祂的真理、祂的生命,以及祂所擁有的一切福分,都是永恆的。這就是我所站立的基礎;凡不立於此基礎上的,都必傾倒。但凡讓自己回歸於此的,唯獨他不會蒙羞,並且會安穩地休息,以致任何暴力都無法傷害他。因此,基督不僅必須是一塊磐石,上帝也要將祂立為我們應當信賴的基礎。上帝已說過這話,祂不能說謊。
現在這塊磐石並不為自己服務,而是任憑自己被踐踏,被埋在土裡,以致看不見,而其他的石頭則堆疊在它上面,可以被看見。因此,這磐石賜給我們,使我們得以分享祂,安息在祂身上,並相信祂所擁有的一切都將屬於我們,如同祂所成就的一切;祂為我們做了這一切;這樣我就可以說——這是我的產業和寶藏,我的良心可以為此歡欣鼓舞。——但聖彼得進一步說:
彼得前書 2:7-8 所以,祂在你們信的人就為寶貴,在那不信的人卻成了匠人所棄的石頭,已作了房角的頭塊石頭,又作了絆腳的石頭,跌人的磐石。
彼得說,這塊極其寶貴的石頭,對某些人來說,確實是寶貴和尊榮的。但另一方面,對許多人來說,它卻不寶貴,反而被輕視,成為絆腳的石頭。這是怎麼回事呢?聖經賦予它雙重面向,因為有些人信靠它,而另一些人則不信靠它。對信的人來說,祂是寶貴的;這樣,如果我將我的信心和信賴寄託在祂身上,我的心就必歡喜。因此他說——對你們信的人來說,祂是寶貴的;也就是說,你們極其依賴祂;因為雖然祂本身是寶貴和卓越的,但這對我可能毫無用處或幫助。因此,祂必須對我們寶貴,原因在於祂賜給我們如此多寶貴的福分;就像一塊極其寶貴的石頭,它不將其美德保留在自身,而是迸發出來,將其所有能力傳授出去,以致我擁有它所擁有的一切。
然而,不信的人不將祂視為如此寶貴的石頭,反而拒絕祂,並在祂身上跌倒,因為祂不討他們喜悅,反而令人厭惡和憎恨;儘管祂本身是令人愉悅的。這些人不僅是那些公開承認的大罪人,更是那些信賴自己的自由意志、自己的行為和義的大聖徒,他們必在這塊石頭上跌倒並撞上它。現在上帝宣判,那些不靠行為,唯獨信心稱義的人,必得稱義;但這些人卻無法達到,因為他們想靠自己的義稱義,正如聖保羅在羅馬書 10 章所說。
因此,聖彼得說,這塊石頭成了匠人所棄的石頭。在這裡,他將聖經經文巧妙地結合在一起,並解釋了他前面引用的詩篇 118 篇的經文:「匠人所棄的石頭,已作了房角的頭塊石頭。」匠人是誰,我已充分說明:就是那些教導、傳講律法,並想靠行為使人稱義的人;他們與基督徒的關係,就像夏天與冬天一樣不相容;因此,那些傳講行為的傳道人,拒絕了這塊石頭。
除此之外,他還引用了另一段經文,來自先知以賽亞書第 8 章。先知在那裡描述了將要發生的事,正如聖彼得在這裡所做的,並這樣說:「耶和華必作你們的懼怕,祂必作你們的聖所;但祂必作絆腳的石頭,跌人的磐石,給以色列兩家。」先知的意思是:耶和華必作你們的聖所——也就是說,祂必在你們心中被尊為聖;你們除了信靠之外,不應有其他的成聖,無論是這個還是那個。對其他人來說,祂必作一塊石頭,他們將在上面絆倒和跌倒。
然而,這絆倒和困惑,或跌倒,究竟是什麼呢?就是這個:當我們傳講基督,並說,看哪,這塊石頭被立為根基,是為了讓你們完全絕望於自己,將自己的行為和義視為被定罪之物,並唯獨將信心寄託在祂身上,相信基督的義可以成為你們的義;當那些人聽到這話時,他們會反抗,絆倒並惱怒自己,說:「什麼?你的意思是說童貞、彌撒和諸如此類的好行為都毫無價值嗎?是魔鬼叫你這麼說的!」因為他們在這件事上無法理解自己的主張是不好的;他們認為自己在上帝眼中做得很好;他們引用聖經經文來證明,並說,上帝已命令我們行善。如果我們反駁這一點,他們就開始大喊:「異端!異端!」「燒死他!燒死他!」以致他們無法忍受這塊石頭,並在上面絆倒。他們彼此之間如此不一致,以致他們必在這塊石頭上絆倒;正如基督在馬太福音 21 章所說:「經上你們沒有念過嗎?匠人所棄的石頭,已作了房角的頭塊石頭。(接著說)凡跌在這石頭上的,必要跌碎;這石頭掉在誰身上,就要把誰砸得稀爛。」因此,無論你們怎麼做,都無法羞辱這塊石頭;它已經被立下,並且會繼續存在。那麼,凡想撞上它並在上面跌碎的,都必被破碎。
這就是聖經多有提及的絆倒和惱怒。因此,猶太人至今仍在這塊石頭上絆倒——這將不會停止,直到末日來臨;那時這塊石頭將落在所有不信的人身上,將他們砸得粉碎。因此,儘管基督是如此蒙揀選、寶貴的石頭,祂卻仍被稱為絆腳的石頭和跌人的磐石,這並非祂的過錯。正如猶太人所做的,我們今天也繼續如此;因為他們以神的名為榮,自稱是神的子民,現在也是如此,人們在基督和基督教會的名義下,否認基督,並拒絕這塊寶貴的石頭。祂來是為了讓他們拒絕自己的行為;但這是他們無法忍受的事情,他們拒絕了祂。因此,接著說:
他們絆倒,因為不信從這道,他們也被立定如此。
如果他們被告知他們的行為不好,在上帝面前毫無益處,他們不能也不願聽。現在上帝已將基督立為根基,他們本應被安置在祂身上,並藉著祂獲得完全的救恩;祂也使祂的福音傳遍全世界,讓他們藉著福音的宣講,得以在祂身上扎根。然而他們卻不願接受祂,反而拒絕了祂,並停留在自己的本性和行為中;因為如果他們讓自己安息在祂身上,那麼他們自己的榮譽、財富和權力就會傾倒,以致他們永遠無法再起來。——聖彼得進一步說:
彼得前書 2:9 惟有你們是被揀選的族類,是有君尊的祭司,是聖潔的國度,是屬神的子民。
他在這裡給基督徒一個真實的稱號,並引用了摩西在申命記 7 章的經文,摩西對猶太人說:「你們是歸耶和華你們上帝為聖潔的民;耶和華你們的上帝從地上萬民中揀選你們,特作自己的子民。」同樣,出埃及記 19 章說:「你們要歸我作祭司的國度,為聖潔的國民。」你們看,彼得的話語來自何處。正如我之前所說,我再次強調,應當理解聖經如何習慣性地談論祭司。不要為那些人們稱為祭司的人感到困擾;讓每個人隨心所欲地稱呼他們,但你應當堅守上帝純粹的話語,並將這話語所稱的祭司也稱為祭司。我們完全可以容忍那些被主教和教皇祝聖的人自稱祭司,讓他們隨心所欲地稱呼自己,只要他們不自稱上帝的祭司,因為他們無法從聖經中引用任何一句話來證明。
但如果他們聲稱這段經文是指他們,你就照我上面教導你的回答他們,問他們聖彼得在這裡是對誰說話——這樣他們就必然會感到羞愧;因為很明顯,他是在對整個會眾,對所有基督徒說話,因為他說,你們是被揀選的族類和聖潔的子民,因為他至今只談論那些建立在這塊石頭上並相信的人。因此,必然得出結論,凡不相信的都不是祭司。如果他們說:「啊!我們必須按照聖父們的解釋來解釋這段經文。」那麼你就說,讓那些聖父和教師,無論他們是誰,隨心所欲地解釋,然而聖彼得,他從上帝那裡得到了比他們更大的見證,而且更古老,他這樣告訴我,所以我會堅持他的說法。此外,這段經文不需要任何解釋,因為他明確地談論那些相信的人。現在,那些受膏和剃髮的人並不是唯一的信徒;因此,我們樂意承認他們自稱這個名字,因為問題不在於他們允許自己做什麼;爭論點在這裡——他們在聖經中是否被稱為祭司,以及上帝是否用這個名字稱呼他們。教會中可能有一些被選出來的人,他們是教會的官員和執事,被任命來在教會中傳道和施行聖禮;但如果我們是基督徒,我們在上帝面前都是祭司。因為既然我們建立在這塊石頭上,祂是我們在上帝面前的大祭司,我們也必須擁有祂所擁有的一切。
因此,我樂見「祭司」這個詞變得像我們被稱為「基督徒」一樣普遍。因為「祭司」、「受洗者」、「基督徒」都是一樣的。正如我不會容忍那些受膏和剃髮的人稱基督徒為「未受洗者」一樣,我也絕不會容忍只有他們才被視為祭司。然而,他們卻完全將其據為己有。同樣,他們將教皇和他的紅衣主教所統治的那個稱為教會,但聖經駁斥了這一點。因此,請仔細記住這一點,以便你知道如何區分上帝如何稱我們為祭司,以及人們如何自稱祭司。
因為我們必須再次聲明,「祭司」這個詞應該像「基督徒」這個詞一樣普遍。因為成為祭司不屬於外在的職位,它只是一種與上帝同在有關的服事。
所以我們得出結論,我們都是君王。祭司和君王都是屬靈的稱謂,就像基督徒、聖徒、教會一樣。正如你不是因為擁有許多黃金或財富而被稱為基督徒,而是因為你建立在這塊石頭上並相信基督,所以你也不是因為剃髮或穿長袍而被稱為祭司,而是因為你來到上帝面前。同樣,你也不是因為戴著金冠,擁有許多土地和人民臣服於你而被稱為君王,而是因為你掌管萬物,死亡、罪惡和地獄。因為如果你相信祂,你就像基督是君王一樣真實地是君王。然而祂不像這世上的君王那樣是君王,不戴金冠,不以盛大的排場和龐大的隨從出行。但祂是萬王之王——一位擁有萬物權柄,萬物都必須伏在祂腳下的君王。正如祂是主,我也是主;因為祂所擁有的,我也擁有。
但或許有人會反對。聖彼得在這裡也說,基督徒是君王,而我們眼前所見,他們並非都是君王,所以這段經文不應理解為祂是指教會中的所有人。因為無論誰是基督徒,他肯定不是法國的君王或羅馬的祭司。但當我問法國國王在上帝眼中是否也是君王時,他卻避而不答,因為上帝不會以王冠來判斷。在地上,在世人面前,他確實是君王,但當死亡來臨時,他的國度就消失了,因為那時他必須伏在信徒的腳下。我們談論的是一個永恆的國度與祭司職分,因為每個相信的人在上帝面前都是真正的君王;但誰不知道我們並非都是剃髮受膏的祭司呢?但那些人因為受膏,他們在上帝眼中並非因此就是祭司,正如他們因為受加冕在上帝面前並非就是君王一樣。受加冕的君王和受膏的祭司是屬世的,是由人所造的;教皇可以隨意製造許多這樣的祭司,但絕不能讓他在上帝面前製造一個祭司,因為這些祭司將由上帝親自製造。
因此,當聖彼得在這裡說:「你們是有君尊的祭司」,這就如同他說:「你們是基督徒。」如果你現在想知道基督徒擁有什麼樣的稱號、權柄和榮耀:你可以在這裡學到,他們是君王和祭司,是被揀選的子民。——但這祭司的職分是什麼,接著說:
叫你們宣揚那召你們出黑暗入奇妙光明者的美德。
這屬於祭司的職責,就是他要作上帝的使者,並從上帝自己那裡領受命令,傳講祂的話語。聖彼得說,美德,也就是上帝在你們身上所行的奇妙作為,就是祂將你們從黑暗帶入光明,你們要宣揚——這是大祭司的職責。你們傳道的方式應當如此:一個弟兄向另一個弟兄宣揚上帝的大能作為:你們如何藉著祂從罪、死亡、地獄和一切邪惡中被救贖,並被召入永生。這樣,你們也要教導其他人如何也能來到同樣的光中。因為你們的全部職責就在於此:你們承認上帝為你們所做的一切;然後讓這成為你們的首要目標,就是你們要公開宣揚這一切,並呼召每個人來到你們被召入的光中。當你們看到無知的人時,你們要按照你們所學的,引導和教導他們,也就是一個人如何能藉著上帝的美德和能力得救,並從黑暗進入光明。
在這裡,你觀察到聖彼得清楚地說,只有一道光,並得出結論,我們所有的理性,無論多麼敏銳,都只是黑暗;因為儘管理性可以數一、二、三,也能辨別黑白、大小,並在外在判斷其他事物,但它仍然無法理解什麼是信心。在這方面,它是完全盲目的,即使所有人都將他們的聰明才智匯集在一起,他們也無法理解這神聖智慧的一個字。因此,聖彼得在這裡談論另一道光,那是真正奇妙的;他鄭重地告訴我們所有人,如果上帝沒有召我們進入祂的真光,我們就都處於黑暗和盲目之中。
經驗也教導我們這一點。因為當傳講我們不能靠行為來到上帝面前,而必須有一位中保,祂可以來到上帝面前並使我們與祂和好時,理性必須承認她從未能知道這樣的事;所以如果她想理解它,她必須有另一種光和知識。因此,凡不屬於上帝話語和信心的,都是黑暗。因為在這裡,理性像盲人一樣摸索——不斷地從這個轉向那個,卻不知道自己在做什麼。但如果我們以這種方式對世俗的、有學問的或有智慧的人說話,他們就會開始大喊大叫,對此大發雷霆。因此,聖彼得確實是一位大膽的使徒,因為他敢於將全世界都稱為光明的東西稱為黑暗。
所以我們看到,作為基督徒,我們首要且最重要的職責是宣揚上帝的讚美。那麼,上帝所彰顯的值得稱讚的事蹟和高貴的作為是什麼呢?正如我們常說的,就是基督藉著上帝的大能,擊傷了死亡,捆綁了地獄,制服了罪惡,並帶我們進入永生:這些讚美是如此偉大,以致任何人都無法想像;我們只能保持沉默。因此,對我們基督徒來說,傳講人的教義是毫無益處的,我們應該被教導這種能制服魔鬼、罪惡和死亡的能力。在這裡,聖彼得再次匯集了許多證明經文,他總是習慣於這樣堆疊經文,因為所有的先知都談論這一點,就是上帝的名和榮耀,以及祂的膀臂或能力應該被尊崇和頌揚,並且祂將行這樣的工作,以致全世界都會歌唱和談論它。先知們在所有地方都充滿了這些。聖彼得在這裡也闡述了同樣的內容。此外,他們也談論了許多光明與黑暗,我們必須被上帝的光照亮,從而表明所有人類理性都是黑暗。——聖彼得進一步說:
彼得前書 2:10 你們從前算不得子民,現在卻作了上帝的子民;從前未曾蒙憐恤,現在卻蒙了憐恤。
這段經文記載在先知何西阿書第 2 章,聖保羅也在羅馬書 9 章引用過:「我要稱那不是我子民的為我的子民。」這一切的含義是:全能的上帝揀選了祂的子民以色列作為祂特選的子民,並為他們彰顯了祂的大能,賜給他們許多先知,並在他們身上行了許多奇妙的作為,為的是讓基督從那子民中道成肉身;這一切都是為了孩子們的緣故而發生的。因此,他們在聖經中被稱為上帝的子民。但先知們將此進一步延伸,說這個揀選將更為廣泛,甚至包括外邦人。因此,聖彼得在這裡說,你們現在是上帝的子民,從前卻不是上帝的子民。由此可見,他寫這封書信是給外邦人,而不是給猶太人。藉此他表明,先知書中的經文現在已經應驗了——他們現在是聖潔的子民——如果他們相信,他們就擁有產業、祭司職分、國度,以及基督所擁有的一切。——彼得書信中接著說:
彼得前書 2:11-12 親愛的弟兄啊,我勸你們作客旅和寄居的。要禁戒肉體的私慾,這私慾是與靈魂爭戰的。你們在外邦人中,應當品行端正,叫那些毀謗你們是作惡的,因看見你們的好行為,便在鑒察的日子歸榮耀給上帝。
聖彼得在這裡使用的語氣與聖保羅略有不同,聖保羅不會以同樣的方式說話,正如我們將會聽到:因為每位使徒都有自己的說話方式,正如每位先知也有自己的方式。他至今一直在堅定地奠定基督信仰的基礎,這可以作為他的文本。現在他繼續教導我們應當如何對待所有人。這是真正的傳道方法,首先應當闡明信心——它做什麼,它的能力和本質是什麼,甚至它完全賜給我們一切聖潔和救恩所必需的——我們除了藉著信心之外什麼也做不了,並且藉著信心我們擁有上帝所擁有的一切。上帝就是這樣對待我們的,將祂的一切都賜給我們,並且祂自己也成為我們的,所以我們藉著信心擁有所有對我們有益和必需的事物。那麼我們該怎麼辦呢?我們應該懶惰度日嗎?即使我們擁有一切,我們也寧願死去。但當我們活在這裡時,我們應該為鄰舍的益處而行動,並將自己獻給他,如同上帝將自己獻給我們一樣。因此,信心拯救我們,但愛引導我們在有足夠能力時施予鄰舍。也就是說,信心從上帝那裡領受;愛施予鄰舍。這件事用簡短的詞語表達,但很容易就能傳講許多,並且可以比聖彼得在這裡所做的更為廣泛。
這就是使徒的意思,當他說:「親愛的弟兄啊,我勸你們作客旅和寄居的。」既然你們與基督合一,形成一個家庭,祂的財物就是你們的,你們的傷害就是祂的傷害,祂將你們所擁有的一切都視為祂自己的;因此,你們要跟隨祂,並表現得像不再是世上的公民一樣。因為你們的財產不在地上,而是在天上;即使你們已經失去了一切屬世的財物,你們仍然擁有基督,祂比一切都更寶貴。魔鬼是這世界的君王並統治它;它的公民是這世界的人;因此,既然你們不屬於這世界,就應當像旅館裡的陌生人一樣行事,他沒有隨身攜帶自己的財產,而是購買食物,並為此付出金錢。因為在這裡,我們只是暫居,我們不能久留,而必須繼續前行。因此,我們對世俗的福分的使用不應超過健康和食慾所需,然後就離開,前往另一個地方。我們是天上的公民;在地上,我們是客旅和寄居的。
禁戒肉體的私慾,這私慾是與靈魂爭戰的。
我在此不確定聖彼得是指外在的不潔——或者像聖保羅的語言,所有被稱為屬肉體的——凡人在沒有信心時,在身體和肉體生命中所做的一切。我確實認為聖彼得的說話方式略有不同,但我認為他使用「靈魂」這個詞,不像聖保羅那樣指「靈」;但聖彼得更傾向於使用常見的希臘詞,而不是聖保羅。然而,這並不重要:讓它被理解為各種私慾,或各種肉體慾望或不潔。但他至少想教導我們,地上沒有任何聖徒能完全完美和聖潔。然而,那些高等學府甚至將這段經文踐踏在腳下,他們也不理解它;他們認為這只是針對罪人說的,好像聖徒不再有邪惡的私慾殘留一樣。但凡仔細研究聖經的人,都必須注意一個區別,因為先知有時以明顯的方式談論聖徒,好像他們在各方面都完全聖潔;而另一方面,他們也談論他們有邪惡的私慾,並被罪所困擾。
關於這兩個立場,那些人無法看清方向。那麼,請理解,基督徒分為兩部分——內在的本性是信心,外在的本性是肉體。如果我們從信心方面來看一個基督徒,那麼他是純潔且完全聖潔的;因為上帝的話語中沒有任何不潔,無論它進入哪個依賴它的心,它也會使那心純潔。因為,就信心而言,萬事都是完美的:根據這一點,我們是君王和祭司,是上帝的子民,如上所述。但由於信心存在於肉體中,並且當我們還活在地上時,我們有時會感受到邪惡的傾向,例如不耐煩和對死亡的恐懼等等。
這些都是舊人的過錯,因為信心尚未成熟,尚未完全掌控肉體。
你們可以從路加福音 10 章的福音比喻中理解這一點,那人從耶路撒冷下到耶利哥,落在強盜手中,強盜打傷了他,把他丟下半死不活,後來撒瑪利亞人把他扶起來,包紮他的傷口,照顧他,並確保他得到照護。你們看到,這個人既然需要被照護,就不是病入膏肓——他的生命是安全的;所缺少的只是他應該恢復健康。生命在那裡,但他尚未完全恢復,因為他仍然在醫生手中,必須繼續接受治療。我們對主耶穌基督也是如此;我們確信永生,但我們沒有完全的健康;舊亞當的一些東西仍然留在肉體中。
馬太福音 13 章的比喻也類似,基督說,天國就像婦人拿來藏在三斗麵裡的酵,直到全團都發起來。當麵團變成麵糊時,酵都在裡面,但它還沒有完全滲透和發酵,麵團仍在發酵,直到完全發起來,就不需要再加酵了。因此,儘管你藉著信心,藉著領受上帝的話語,擁有了你所應當擁有的,但它還沒有完全滲透,因此它必須繼續作用,直到你完全更新。你們要這樣區分聖經,不要像教皇派那樣肢解聖經。
因此我說,當你們在聖經中讀到聖徒是完全的,要這樣理解:他們在信心上是完全純潔無罪的,但肉體仍然存在,不可能完全聖潔。因此,基督徒渴望並祈禱身體或肉體被治死,使其完全純潔。那些教導不同的人既沒有經歷過也沒有品嚐過,這導致他們只憑想像和理性來談論;因此他們必然會犯錯。在這方面,那些寫作和教導甚多的偉大聖徒,都曾大大跌倒。俄利根在他的書中隻字未提。耶柔米從未理解。奧古斯丁若非被迫與伯拉糾派爭辯,也同樣不會理解。當他們談論聖徒時,他們將他們讚美得極高,彷彿他們與其他基督徒不同,甚至更好:當然,就好像他們沒有感受到肉體的力量,也沒有像我們一樣抱怨過。
因此,聖彼得在這裡說,你們若要純潔並擁有完全的成聖,就當繼續與你們的邪惡私慾爭戰。同樣,基督在約翰福音 13 章也說:「凡洗過澡的人,也要洗腳。」頭和手潔淨還不夠,因此祂還要他們洗腳。
但聖彼得說「禁戒肉體的私慾,這私慾是與靈魂爭戰的」,是什麼意思呢?他的意思是:你們不要以為可以靠著玩樂和睡覺就能成功。罪確實藉著信心被除去了,但你們仍然有肉體,它是衝動和輕率的;因此要好好小心,你們要戰勝它。這必須靠著強烈的努力;你們要約束和制服私慾,你們的信心越大,衝突就越大。因此,你們應該做好準備,武裝起來,並不斷地與之爭戰。因為它們會成群結隊地攻擊你們,並想把你們擄去。
因此,聖保羅在羅馬書第七章也說:「按著我裡面的人,我喜歡上帝的律法;但我發現我肢體中另有一個律法,與我心中的律法交戰,把我擄去,使我不能做我所願意的。」——彷彿他說,我確實與它爭戰,但它最終不會屈服。因此我樂意得自由,但儘管我願意,這事卻不能成就。那我該怎麼辦呢?「我真是苦啊!(他說)誰能救我脫離這取死的身體呢?」所有聖徒也都以同樣的方式呼喊。但那些沒有信心的人,魔鬼引導他們的方式是,只允許他們走上罪惡的道路,跟隨他,不加反抗。至於其他人,魔鬼心想,我已經用不信把他們擄去了。我只允許他們走到不犯大罪、沒有大誘惑、不發誓、不作惡的地步。
但信徒總是有足夠的反抗——他們必須永遠處於爭戰的姿態。那些沒有信心、沒有聖靈的人,感覺不到這一點,也沒有這樣的經歷;他們會脫離並追隨他們邪惡的私慾;但一旦聖靈和信心進入我們的心,我們就變得如此軟弱,以至於我們認為我們無法擊敗最微小的想像和誘惑的火花,並且在我們自己裡面,從頭頂到腳底,除了罪惡什麼也看不到。因為在我們相信之前,我們是按照自己的私慾行事,但現在聖靈來了,要潔淨我們,於是衝突就產生了。在這裡,魔鬼、肉體和世界都與信心作對;先知們在聖經中到處抱怨此事。
因此,聖彼得在這裡的意思是,爭戰不是發生在罪人身上,而是發生在信徒身上,並給我們一個鼓勵,因為當我們警惕邪惡的私慾時,我們就是在擊退它們。那麼,如果你有邪惡的思想,你不應該因此絕望;只要警惕,不要被它們擄去。我們的教師們曾建議這樣解決問題(通過指導),讓人們折磨自己,直到他們不再有邪惡的思想,這樣他們最終就可以大膽和自由。但你要明白,如果你是基督徒,你必須在肉體中經歷各種反對和邪惡的性情。因為凡有信心的地方,就會有一百個邪惡的思想,一百個比以前更多的掙扎;你只要確保你像個男人一樣行事,不要讓自己被擄去;並繼續抵抗,說,我不要,我不要。因為我們在這裡必須承認,情況很像一對不匹配的夫婦,他們不斷地互相抱怨,一個人想做的事,另一個人卻不願意。
那仍然可以稱為真正的基督徒生活,它從未完全安息,也從未達到感覺不到罪惡的地步,只要罪惡確實被感覺到,但沒有被縱容。因此,我們必須禁食、禱告、勞動,以制服和壓制私慾。所以你不要想像你會成為這些傻瓜所說的那種聖徒。只要血肉之軀存在,罪惡就依然存在;因此,它必須永遠被爭戰。凡沒有親身經歷過這一點的人,都不能誇口自己是基督徒。
迄今為止,我們被教導說,當我們告解或加入某個屬靈機構時,我們就立刻潔淨了,不再需要與罪惡爭戰。他們還說,洗禮潔淨並使人成聖,以至於人身上沒有任何邪惡殘留。然後他們想,「現在我將得到一個愉快的安息」,但魔鬼來了,比以前更猛烈地攻擊他們。因此,你要好好理解這件事,儘管你告解並允許自己領受赦罪,你仍然必須像士兵一樣,在戰鬥中衝鋒陷陣;每當關鍵時刻來臨,衝突激烈,迫使他勇敢地戰鬥,彷彿要擊退暴行時,他就必須拔出劍來奮力搏鬥;但只要衝突威脅著,就必須不懈地警惕。所以,儘管你已經受洗,也要警惕,因為你一小時都不能免於魔鬼和罪惡的攻擊,即使你認為你不會再受到攻擊。
因此,基督徒的生活無非是一場衝突和紮營,正如聖經所說;因此,我們的主上帝被稱為萬軍之耶和華——也就是說,是眾軍之主。同樣,Dominus potens in prælio——在戰鬥中大有能力的耶和華。
藉此,祂顯明祂是何等有能力,祂允許祂的子民在衝突中暴露,衝鋒陷陣。然而,當號角不斷響起時,祂也時刻警惕著,(說)這裡小心,那裡小心;這裡刺,那裡打。此外,這是一場持久的衝突,你必須盡你所能,以便用上帝的話語擊敗魔鬼。因此,我們必須不斷抵抗,並向上帝呼求幫助,對所有人類力量都感到絕望。——現在接著說:
第12節:你們在外邦人中,應當品行端正,叫那些毀謗你們是作惡的,因看見你們的好行為,就歸榮耀給上帝。 現在請注意聖彼得所遵守的何等卓越的秩序。他已經教導我們,為了制服肉體及其一切私慾,我們應該做什麼。現在他又教導我們這樣做的原因。我為什麼要制服我的肉體?是為了得救嗎?不,而是為了在世人面前過一個正直的生活。因為這種正直的生活並不能稱義我們,我們必須先被稱義並相信,然後才能嘗試過正直(虔誠)的生活。但就外在行為而言,我不能將其導向自己的利益,而是為了讓不信的人因此被改革和吸引,讓他們通過我們歸向基督;這是一個真愛的標誌,儘管他們誹謗和中傷我們,並把我們視為最壞的惡人。因此,我們應該展現如此卓越的行為,以至於人們不得不說,他們確實無可指責。
我們讀到,當皇帝統治並迫害基督徒時,基督徒身上找不到任何過錯,除了他們呼求基督並視祂為上帝。因此,小普林尼在寫給皇帝圖拉真的信中說,他不知道基督徒做了什麼錯事,除了他們每天清晨聚集,唱讚美詩,以便尊崇他們的基督並領受聖禮;除此之外,沒有人能對他們提出任何指控。因此,聖彼得說:你們必須忍受人們誹謗你們是作惡的,為此你們要過這樣的生活,不傷害任何人,這樣你們就能帶來他們的改革。直到那日子來到; 也就是說,你們必須忍受,只要人們責罵你們,直到一切都顯明和揭示,這樣人們就會看到他們對你們是多麼不公,並且他們必須為你們歸榮耀給上帝。聖彼得接著說:
第13-17節:你們為主的緣故,要順服人的一切制度,或是在上的君王,或是君王所派、為要刑罰作惡、賞善罰惡的臣宰。因為上帝的旨意原是要你們行善,可以堵住那糊塗無知人的口。你們雖是自由的,卻不可藉著自由遮蓋惡行,總要作上帝的僕人。務要尊敬眾人,親愛教友,敬畏上帝,尊敬君王。
聖彼得以如此美好的秩序進行,教導我們在一切事上應如何行事。迄今為止,他已概括地談論了屬於各種情況的行為。現在他開始教導我們應如何對待民事政權。因為他已經充分說明了我們對上帝和自己的責任,現在他補充說明我們應如何對待所有人。
現在他首先要說,最重要的是,既然你們已經做了所有必要的事情,以便獲得真正的信心並使身體順服,那麼現在你們的首要任務就是服從政權。
我這裡在荷蘭語中翻譯為「人的一切制度」的詞,在希臘語中是 [Greek: ktiois],在拉丁語中是 creatura。這件事我們的學者們沒有理解。荷蘭語很好地表達了這個詞的意思,它說我們應該服從統治者所制定(創造)的。所以他這裡使用這個詞,彷彿他說,政權所制定(創造)的,你們要順從。因為制定(創造)就是頒布命令和條例;這是一種人類的創造。但他們因此推斷 creatura 意思是牛或驢,正如教皇也這樣說。如果這是彼得的意思,那麼我們甚至需要服從一個奴隸。但他這裡指的是人類的條例、法律或命令——他們所制定的,我們就應該去做。
上帝所造、所授權、所要求的——那是祂的命令,例如我們應該相信。同樣,那也是人類和世俗的創造,由命令構成,正如外在政府必須如此。對此我們必須順服。因此,請將此表達理解為:creatura humana, quod creat et condit homo(人所製造和建造的)。
為主的緣故。 他說,我們不是為了主權本身而必須順服,而是為了上帝的緣故,因為我們是祂的兒女;我們應該被吸引去做這件事,不是為了因此獲得功勞——因為我為上帝的緣故所做的事,我必須自由地作為一種服務行為去做:此外,我會出於單純的喜悅去做祂心所願的事。但我們為什麼要為上帝的緣故順服政權呢?因為上帝的旨意是要懲罰作惡的人,保護行善的人,使世界有和諧。所以我們應該要求有民事和平,這是上帝所要求的;但大多數人是不信的,所以祂制定並命令,為了使世界不至於陷入無政府狀態,政權應該佩劍並約束惡人,以便如果他們不願意和平,他們可以被迫和平。祂通過政權執行這件事,以便世界可以為所有人的利益而被治理。由此可見,如果沒有惡人,就不需要政權;因此他說,為要刑罰作惡,賞善罰惡的臣宰。義人行事正直時應該得到榮譽,因為他們高舉並加冕世俗政權,以至於其他人可以從他們那裡得到榜樣——而不是任何人因此可以在上帝面前獲得任何功勞。保羅在羅馬書第十三章也說:「掌權的不是叫行善的懼怕,乃是叫作惡的懼怕。你願意不懼怕掌權的嗎?你只要行善。」
第15節:因為上帝的旨意原是要你們行善,可以堵住那糊塗無知人的口。 聖彼得用這些話使那些誇耀自己基督徒名號的空談者閉口,並阻止他們站出來說:「既然信心對基督徒來說就足夠了,而且行為不能稱義,那麼順服民事權力、納貢納稅還有什麼必要呢?」他這樣告訴他們,儘管我們不需要這樣做,但我們應該樂意這樣做以取悅上帝,這樣那些誹謗我們的上帝的敵人就可以閉口,他們就無法對我們提出任何指控,並被迫說我們是誠實、順服的人。因此我們讀到許多聖徒,他們在異教統治者手下被召去打仗,殺死敵人,但仍然順服和服從(召喚他們的人),就像我們基督徒必須順服政權一樣,儘管現在有人堅持說,如果我們生活在土耳其人中間,我們就不能成為基督徒。
現在你或許會說,但基督不是命令我們不要抵擋惡人嗎?如果有人打我們一邊臉,我們也要把另一邊轉過去;那麼,我們又怎能打擊和處決別人呢?回答:異教徒以前也同樣反對基督徒,說,如果這樣那樣的事情發生,你們的政府就必須被鎮壓。但我們回答說,基督徒自己確實不應該抵擋惡人,也不應該在受傷時報復,而是忍受不公和暴力,以至於他們甚至不能嚴厲對待那些不信的人。但佩劍的政權並未因此被禁止;因為儘管誠實的基督徒不需要劍和法律(因為他們的生活方式是沒有人可以抱怨他們,不傷害任何人,而是友善和愉快地對待每一個人,忍受所有對他們做的事情),然而劍必須為非基督徒而佩戴,以便這些人在傷害他人時可以受到懲罰,這樣才能維護普遍的和平並保護義人。因此,上帝提供了另一條規則,那些不願自行制止邪惡的人,可以被權力強制,使他們不致傷害他人。因此,上帝為不信的人設立了政權,以至於即使是基督徒也可以行使佩劍的權力,並因此有義務服務他們的鄰舍並約束惡人,以便好人可以在他們中間安居樂業。而且基督的命令仍然有效,就是我們不應該抵擋惡人。所以,一個基督徒,即使他佩劍,也不是為了自己或報復而使用它,而只是為了他人;而且,這也是基督徒之愛的標誌,就是我們用劍支持和捍衛整個教會,不讓它受到傷害。基督只教導那些相信、愛並順服的人。但世上大多數人,因為不相信,所以不順服命令。因此,他們必須像非基督徒一樣被治理,他們的任性必須受到約束;因為如果他們的權力被允許佔上風,沒有人能抵擋他們。
因此,世上有兩種政府,正如也有兩種人——即信徒和不信者。基督徒順服上帝話語的管轄;他們自己不需要民事政府。但非基督徒部分需要另一種政府,即民事刀劍,因為他們不願受上帝話語的管轄。然而,如果所有人都成為基督徒並遵循福音,那麼民事刀劍和行使權力就不再有必要或用處了;因為如果沒有作惡的人,當然就不會有懲罰。但既然不能指望我們所有人都成為義人,基督就為惡人設立了政權,讓他們按照他們必須被治理的方式來治理。但義人祂為自己保留,並僅憑祂的話語來治理他們。
因此,基督徒政府不與民事政府對立,民事政權也不與基督對立。民事政府不會因基督的事工而終止;它是一種外在的事物,就像所有其他職位和制度一樣。正如這些職位和制度獨立於基督的職位而存在,以至於不信者和基督徒都可以同樣好地行使它們,民事刀劍的行使也是如此,因為它既不使人成為基督徒,也不使人成為非基督徒。但關於這一點,我在其他地方已經說過很多了。——接下來,還有:
第16節:你們雖是自由的,卻不可藉著自由遮蓋惡行,總要作上帝的僕人。 這句話是特別為我們說的,我們聽說過基督徒的自由,以免我們濫用這種自由;也就是說,在基督徒自由的名義和外表下,做我們所渴望的一切,以至於這種自由會產生一種無恥和肉體的魯莽,正如我們現在所看到的,甚至在使徒時代就已經開始了,正如從聖彼得和聖保羅的書信中很容易發現的,當時人們所做的正是現在大多數人所做的。現在,我們又藉著上帝的恩典,認識了真理,我們知道教皇、主教、神父和修道士迄今所教導、制定和實施的,都只是欺騙;我們的良心被光照,從人類的規條和他們對我們的一切控制中解脫出來,以至於我們不再有義務去做他們在我們得救的危險下所命令的事情。我們現在必須堅守這種自由,絕不允許自己被剝奪;但正是因為這個原因,我們應該小心謹慎,不要把這種自由變成我們羞恥的藉口。
教皇在這裡不義地行事,旨在用他的法律強迫和壓迫人。因為在基督徒群體中,不應該也不可能有強迫,如果試圖用外在的法律束縛良心,信心和基督徒生活很快就會被壓制;因為基督徒只能在聖靈中被引導和治理,因為他們知道,他們藉著信心,已經擁有了所有可以使他們得救的東西,並且為此不再需要任何東西,從此以後,他們除了對鄰舍行善,用他們所有的一切幫助鄰舍,就像基督幫助他們一樣,別無義務;而且他們所做的一切工作都應該是自由的,不受約束的,並且發自甘心樂意的內心;這蒙上帝悅納,並為所領受的祝福而高舉和讚美祂。所以聖保羅寫道(提摩太前書一章),律法不是為義人設立的,因為他們自發地、不被召喚地做上帝所要求的一切。
既然現在這種對人類教義的強制被拒絕,基督徒的自由被宣講,那些沒有信心的魯莽之靈就與之不謀而合,並因此想要成為好基督徒,因為他們不遵守教皇的法律,聲稱這種自由使他們免除了義務;然而他們卻沒有遵守真正的基督徒自由所要求的——即樂意地對鄰舍行善,而不論是否被命令,就像真正的基督徒所做的那樣。因此,他們把基督徒的自由變成了一件遮羞布,在下面他們只做羞恥的事,並玷污了基督徒所擁有的那種自由的崇高名稱和稱號。
聖彼得在這裡禁止了這一點,因為他要說的是:儘管你們在所有外在事務上都是自由的(如果你們是基督徒),並且不應該被法律強迫服從世俗統治的控制,因為律法不是為義人設立的(正如我們所說),但你們應該自發地、自願地、不受強迫地去做——不是因為你們必須被迫服從,而是為了取悅上帝,並為了鄰舍的益處。基督自己也這樣做了,正如我們在馬太福音十七章讀到的,他納稅,儘管他不需要這樣做,但他卻是自由的,是萬物的主。同樣,他也順服彼拉多,並允許自己被審判,儘管他對彼拉多說:「若不是從上頭賜給你的,你就毫無權柄管我。」在這些話中,他證實了他暫時順服的權柄,以便取悅他的父。
由此可見,那些什麼都不做,既不顧世俗也不顧上帝要求,卻固執己見,儘管他們誇耀福音的人,是沒有資格享有基督徒自由的。
雖然我們脫離了一切律法,但我們仍必須尊重軟弱無知的基督徒,因為這是愛的行為。因此保羅說,羅馬書十三章:「凡事都不可虧欠人,唯有彼此相愛。」所以,凡想誇耀自己自由的人,應先做基督徒該做的事:先對鄰舍行善,然後再以這種方式運用他的自由。當教皇,或甚至任何人,將他的權柄加諸於他,並強迫他服從時,讓他這樣說:「我的好朋友,教皇,我不會這樣做,因為你選擇將其作為命令,並侵犯我的自由。」* 因為我們應當以自由人的身份生活,作為上帝的僕人(聖彼得在這裡說),而不是人的僕人。然而,如果有人向我提出我可以為他服務的要求,我會樂意出於善意去做,不計較是否被命令,而是為了弟兄之愛,也因為上帝也要求我對鄰舍行善。因此,我不會被迫服從世俗的君王和領主,但我所做的,我會出於自願——不是因為他們命令我,而是為了服務我的鄰舍。我們所有的工作都應該是這種性質的,發自情感和愛,並且都尊重我們的鄰舍,因為我們自己不需要行善。接下來還有:
第17節:務要尊敬眾人。 這不是命令,而是忠實的勸誡。我們每個人都確實有義務,儘管我們是自由的;因為這種自由不延伸到作惡,而僅僅延伸到行善。現在我們已經多次說過,每個基督徒,藉著信心,都獲得了基督自己所擁有的一切,而且,他是基督的弟兄。因此,正如我將一切榮耀歸給主基督一樣,我也應該對我的鄰舍這樣做。這不僅僅在於外在的行為,我應該向他鞠躬,諸如此類,而是更多:我應該在內心深處高度尊重他,就像我高度尊重基督一樣。我們是上帝的殿;正如聖保羅在哥林多前書三章所說,因為上帝的靈住在我們裡面。如果我們現在在禮拜場所或聖十字架的圖像前屈膝,我們難道不應該更在上帝活的殿前這樣做嗎?*
所以聖保羅在羅馬書十二章也教導我們,各人應當看別人比自己強,這樣各人就應當把自己放在別人之下,並給予他優先。上帝的恩賜是多樣和不同的,所以一個人的地位比另一個人更高;但沒有人知道誰在上帝眼中最崇高,因為祂很容易將一個在這裡佔據最低地位的人提升到最高位。因此,每個人,無論他被提升到多高,都應該謙卑自己並尊重他的鄰舍。
第17節:親愛教友。 我上面已經談到使徒們在普遍的愛和弟兄之愛之間所做的區分。我們甚至被要求愛我們的敵人:這是普遍的基督徒之愛。但弟兄之愛是,我們基督徒應該彼此相愛如同弟兄,並彼此分享,因為我們都同樣從上帝那裡得到祝福。這是聖彼得在這裡特別要求的愛。
敬畏上帝;尊敬君王。 他沒有說我們要非常看重君王和國王,但仍然說我們要尊敬他們,即使他們是異教徒,就像基督所做的,以及那些俯伏在巴比倫王腳下的先知們。但這裡你或許會說:「因此,你明白了,我們應該順服教皇,並俯伏在他的腳下。」回答:當然,如果教皇獲得了世俗權力,並像其他君主一樣行事,我們甚至也應該順服他,就像他這樣說:「我禁止你穿戴修士袍或剃髮;此外,這一天你要禁食,這在上帝面前沒有任何益處,也不是得救所必需的,而是因為我,作為一個世俗統治者,要求這樣做。」但如果他更進一步,說:「這,在上帝的地位上,我禁止你這樣做——這你也要視為來自上帝本身,並在被逐出教會和犯死罪的危險下遵守它。」那麼你就要說:「抱歉,我的主人,我不會這樣做。」
我們應當順服權力,並做它所吩咐的,只要它不束縛良心,只在外在事物上禁止,即使它對我們專橫跋扈;因為「若有人要拿你的外衣,連裡衣也由他拿去。」但如果它侵犯了屬靈領域,並強迫良心,而良心只有上帝才能掌管和統治,我們當然不應該順服它,反而應該擺脫它的束縛。
世俗權柄和政府的權限僅限於外在事務和身體。但教皇不僅將此歸於自己,還想奪取屬靈權柄;然而他卻一無所有,因為他的命令只涉及衣著、食物、教士職位和俸祿——這些既不屬於民事也不屬於屬靈管轄。因為這些事情對世界有何益處?此外,將罪惡和善行歸結於這些不相干的事物,是褻瀆的;因此基督不能容忍。但民事政府他卻能很好地容忍,因為它不涉及罪惡、善行和屬靈事務,而是處理其他事情——例如保護和鞏固城市、建造橋樑、徵稅、收取貢品、提供保護、守護土地和人民,以及懲罰作惡者。因此,對於這樣一位不對良心施加任何命令的君主,基督徒可以樂意順服,而且他會毫不受約束地這樣做,因為他對一切事物都是自由的。
因此,每當皇帝或君王問我我的信仰是什麼時,我會告訴他,不是因為他命令,而是因為我有義務在眾人面前公開承認我的信仰。但如果他更進一步,命令我應該這樣或那樣相信,那麼我會告訴他:「我的好先生,請您處理您的民事政府;您無權干涉上帝的領域,因此我當然不會服從您。您自己不能容忍對您主權的侵犯:如果有人違背您的意願越界,您會用火槍射殺他。那麼您認為上帝會容忍您將祂從寶座上推下,並坐在祂的位置上嗎?」聖彼得稱民事政權只是一種人類的制度。所以他們(政權)沒有權力介入上帝的制度,並制定反對信仰的法律。但關於這一點,我們已經說得夠多了。現在,書信中接著說:
第18-20節:你們作僕人的,要凡事存敬畏的心順服主人;不但順服那善良溫和的,就是那乖僻的也要順服。倘若人為良心之故,忍受冤屈的苦楚,這是可喜愛的。你們若因犯罪受責打,能忍耐,有什麼可誇的呢?但你們若因行善受苦,能忍耐,這在上帝看是可喜愛的。
聖彼得迄今教導我們應如何順服民事權力,並給予它榮譽。因此我們已經說明了它的權限範圍,它不能在涉及信仰的事務上僭越。這是針對一般政權而言的,是每個人都應接受的教義。但現在他接著說,談到那種不延伸到整個社群,而只延伸到個人的權力。在這裡他首先教導家僕應如何對待他們的主人,其要旨如下:
家僕與其他階層的人一樣,只要他們像其他人一樣擁有聖言、信心、洗禮以及所有這些福分,他們就同樣是真正的基督徒;因此,在上帝面前,他們與其他人一樣偉大和崇高。然而,就他們的外在境況和在世人面前而言,則有所不同,因為他們處於較低的地位,必須服侍他人。因此,既然他們是蒙上帝呼召進入這種境況的,他們就應該以順服主人、尊敬和看重主人為己任。先知大衛對此給出了一個很好的例證,並展示了他們應如何服侍,詩篇 123 篇:「僕人的眼睛怎樣望主人的手,婢女的眼睛怎樣望主母的手,我們的眼睛也照樣望耶和華我們的上帝。」——這就是說,僕人和婢女應該謙卑而謹慎地完成主人或主母所要求的一切。這是上帝的旨意,因此應該樂意去做。對此你可以確信無疑,當你憑著信心這樣做時,這就蒙上帝喜悅,並為祂所悅納。因此,既然這些是你所能做的最好的工作,你就不必遠離去尋求其他工作。你的主人或主母命令你的,就是上帝自己命令你的。這不是人的命令,儘管是由人發出的。所以你不必對你所擁有的主人有所顧慮,無論他是好是壞,是仁慈還是易怒和乖僻;而應這樣想:讓主人隨他去吧,我會服侍他,並以此榮耀上帝,因為祂要求我這樣做,而且我的主基督也為我的緣故成了僕人。
這是真正應當不斷強調的教義,然而現在,唉!它卻被埋沒在沉默中,失傳了。但除了基督徒之外,沒有人會重視它,因為福音只向那些接受它的人傳講。因此,如果你想成為上帝的兒女,就應在心中立志提供基督自己所吩咐的服侍。正如聖保羅在以弗所書 6 章所教導的:「你們作僕人的,要懼怕戰兢,用誠實的心順服肉身的主人,好像順服基督一般;不要只在眼前事奉,像是討人喜歡的,總要像基督的僕人,從心裡遵行上帝的旨意,甘心事奉。」要思想你們是服侍主,而不是服侍人。同樣,他在歌羅西書 3 章也說:「因為你們所事奉的乃是主基督。」啊!如果教皇、修道士和修女處於這種境況,他們會多麼感謝上帝並歡喜快樂啊!因為他們沒有一個人能說,上帝命令我舉行彌撒、唱晨禱、七次禱告等等——因為聖經中沒有一句話提到這些;所以如果問他們是否確信自己的境況蒙上帝喜悅,他們就會說,不!但如果你問一個小婢女為什麼她擦洗鑰匙或擠牛奶,她可以說,我知道我所做的事蒙上帝喜悅,因為我有上帝的話語和誡命。這是一個巨大的福分,一個寶貴的財富,沒有人配得。一位君王如果能做同樣的事,他應該為此感謝上帝。的確,他可以在他的職位上做上帝所要求的事——即懲罰惡人。但何時,又多麼罕見,他能正確地履行這樣的職責呢!但在這種境況中,一切都安排得如此妥當,以至於你可以知道,當你做你被吩咐的事時,這就蒙上帝喜悅。
上帝不看工作,無論它多麼微小;而是看那在這些小事中服侍祂的心。但在這件事上,正如在其他事情上發生的一樣:上帝所吩咐的,沒有人遵行;人所制定而上帝沒有命定的,每個人都遵守。
但是,你說:「啊!這是怎麼回事?如果我有一個如此古怪和易怒的主人,以至於沒有人能心存感激地服侍他,因為這樣的人可能有很多?」對此聖彼得回答說:「你是一個基督徒,渴望蒙上帝喜悅嗎?你就不必探究你的主人有多麼古怪和乖僻,而要始終將你的眼睛轉向這一點,並觀察上帝吩咐你什麼。」所以你應該這樣推理:「我將以這種方式服侍我的主基督,祂要求我順服這個乖僻的主人。」如果上帝命令你洗魔鬼的腳,或最卑微的惡人的腳,你都應該去做;而且這項工作將與所有最高尚的工作一樣是善工,只要上帝呼召你去做。因此,你不必顧慮人,而只顧慮上帝的要求;在這種情況下,最小的工作,只要正確地完成,在上帝眼中就比所有教皇和修道士的工作堆積如山更值得稱讚。但無論誰不被這點激勵——即這是上帝的旨意,並蒙祂悅納——這工作對他都將毫無益處。你不能使它比它更好,也不能使它比它更糟。因此,這必須「帶著一切的敬畏」(正如聖彼得所說)去做,以便正確地進行,因為這不是人的命令,而是上帝的命令。
聖彼得在這裡特別提到僕人,是根據當時的環境,那時僕人被視為財產,就像某些地方仍然存在的那樣,他們像牲畜一樣被交換,受到主人的虐待和毆打;主人有這樣的權力,即使他們殺死僕人也不受懲罰。因此,使徒們有必要仔細勸誡和安慰這些僕人,使他們能夠服侍他們嚴酷的主人,並忍受它,即使他們遭受痛苦和不公。凡是基督徒都必須背負十字架;你越是無辜受苦,對你越好;因此,你應該樂意從上帝那裡接受這樣的十字架,並為此感謝祂。這是蒙上帝喜悅的正確受苦方式。因為,如果你被殘酷毆打,而且你罪有應得,卻還誇耀你的十字架,那會是怎樣一回事呢?因此聖彼得說:當你們為行善而受苦並忍耐時,這在上帝看來是蒙悅納的——也就是說,在上帝眼中是可接受且極其感恩的,是真正的服侍上帝。請注意,這裡描述了我們應當做的那些真正寶貴的善工;而我們這些愚蠢的人卻踐踏了這教義,發明和設計了其他工作;所以我們應該舉起手來,感謝上帝,並歡喜我們終於有了這樣的知識。——現在,接下來是:
21-25 節。因為你們蒙召原是為此;因基督也為你們受過苦,給你們留下榜樣,叫你們跟隨祂的腳蹤。祂沒有犯過罪,口裡也沒有詭詐。祂被罵不還口,受苦不說威嚇的話,只將自己交託那按公義判斷人的主。祂在木頭上親身擔當了我們的罪,使我們既然在罪上死了,就得以在義上活著。因祂受的鞭傷,你們便得了醫治。你們從前好像迷失的羊,如今卻歸到你們靈魂的牧人監督了。
正如我們所說,僕人應該在心中下定決心,樂意去做和忍受所要求的一切,因為他的主基督為他做了這麼多。因此,他們應該這樣推理:既然我的主如此成為我的僕人——這件事祂本無義務——並為我獻上身體和生命,我為什麼不回報祂呢?祂是完全聖潔無罪的,然而祂卻如此大大地謙卑自己,為我流血,為要除去我的罪而死。那麼,如果這蒙祂喜悅,我為什麼不也忍受一些呢?凡是思考這點的人,如果不動容,那他一定是塊石頭;因為當主人前行並踏入泥濘時,僕人應該樂意跟隨祂。
因此聖彼得說:「你們蒙召原是為此。」為此是什麼?就是你們應該像基督一樣無辜受苦。他好像在說,如果你想跟隨基督,即使你受到不公正的對待,你也不必爭辯和抱怨太多,而要忍受它並視之為最好的,因為基督無罪地忍受了一切。祂甚至在審判官面前也沒有為自己的清白辯護。所以你應該放棄這權利,只說:「感謝上帝」(Deo gratias),因為我蒙召就是要忍受不公;當我的主人沒有抱怨時,我又何必抱怨呢?
聖彼得在這裡引用了先知以賽亞的一些話——即以賽亞書 53 章:「祂沒有犯過罪,口裡也沒有詭詐」,還有「因祂受的鞭傷,你們便得了醫治」。基督是如此純潔,祂的舌頭上從未有過一句惡言。祂配得所有人都俯伏在祂腳前,用手托著祂。儘管祂有能力和權利為自己報仇,祂卻任憑自己被嘲笑、侮辱、辱罵,除此之外,還被處死,從未開口。那麼,當你除了罪之外一無所有時,你為什麼不也忍受呢?你應該讚美和感謝上帝,因為你被算為配得此——就是你應該像基督一樣;不要抱怨,也不要不耐煩,即使你被迫受苦,因為主人沒有還口辱罵或威脅,甚至為祂的敵人禱告。
但或許你會說:「怎麼?那我是否要給那些不公正對待我的人應得的,並說他們做得好?」回答:不!但你應該這樣說:我會從心裡樂意忍受,儘管我沒有應得,而你為我的主人的緣故對我施加不公,祂也為我忍受了不公。你要將這事交託給上帝,祂是公義的審判者,必會豐厚地報償,正如基督將這事交託給祂的天父一樣。祂在木頭上親身擔當了我們的罪(聖彼得說);也就是說,祂不是為自己受苦,而是為我們的福祉。我們這些用罪釘祂十字架的人,自己遠非那種境況。因此,如果你是一個虔誠的基督徒,你就要跟隨你的主人,為那些使你受苦的人哀傷,甚至為他們禱告,願上帝不懲罰他們;因為他們對自己的靈魂造成的傷害遠比對你身體的傷害大。如果你將這事銘記於心,你就會輕易忘記你的痛苦,並樂意受苦。因為我們必須考慮到,我們曾經也處於那些人那樣沒有基督的境況,但現在,藉著基督,我們已經歸正了,正如聖彼得總結並說:
25 節。你們從前好像迷失的羊,如今卻歸到你們靈魂的牧人監督了。然而,這是一段來自先知以賽亞的經文,他這樣說:「我們都如羊走迷,各人偏行己路。」但現在我們已經得到了一位牧人,聖彼得說。上帝的兒子為我們的緣故而來,為要作我們的牧人監督;祂賜給我們祂的靈,用祂的話語餵養我們,引導我們,使我們現在知道我們如何得到幫助。因此,當你承認藉著祂你的罪已被除去時,你便成為祂的羊,祂便成為你的牧人。正如祂是你的監督,你也是祂的靈魂。這就是所有基督徒所擁有的安慰。因此,我們在這封書信中有兩章,其中聖彼得首先教導了真正的信心,然後是真正的愛的工作,並談到了兩種工作。首先,我們所有人都應該普遍地對待民事政府,然後是家僕應該如何對待他們的主人。聖彼得在這裡對僕人所說的,也延伸到其他一些人——即工匠、日工以及各種受僱的僕人。現在他繼續教導我們,夫妻應該如何以基督徒的方式彼此相待。